美國的電動車政策/部會 介紹
policy for developing electric vehicle market and industry in US
美國聯邦政府大概長這樣
在Executive Department中，DOE 與 DOT是兩個與電動車最大相關的部會。
DOE管環境保護的議題，車輛排放、動力的相關研究、法規推動等，簡單來說，使環境更為乾淨，是DOE的範圍。因此，雖然車是運輸工具，理應由交通部管，但是運輸排放很嚴重，所以改善這個問題的相關措施都是由DOE處理。
其中，電動車的部分又以Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) 為主，making transportation cleaner and more efficient through solutions that put electric drive vehicles on the road and replace oil with clean domestic fuels.
此外，車輛的潔能技術上，則以Vehicle Technologies Office(VTO)，developing and deploying advanced vehicle technologies, including highly efficient combustion engines, lightweight materials, and electric drive vehicles.
以下DOE資源參考
EERE中有一個資料中心，Alternative Fuels Data Center，裡面可以查電動車車型、充電站數量位置、各州法規、研究報告(http://www.afdc.energy.gov/publications/)。
VTO主要針對車輛技術進行研究(https://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/vehicle-technologies-office-key-activities-vehicles)，年度報告(https://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/vehicle-technologies-office-annual-merit-review-presentations)
Clean City則可以視為pilot project(alternative fuel)，https://cleancities.energy.gov/
DOT為輔，在運輸部中比較與電動車相關的是路側設施，如FHWA。車輛燃油法規，則由National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration (NHTSA)管理。https://www.nhtsa.gov/laws-regulations/corporate-average-fuel-economy
這一篇是FHWA(聯邦公路管理局)的出版品，裡面提到，2012年開始，FHWA開始執行"Feasibility and Implications of EV Deployment and Infrastructure Development project"，幫助評估電動車設施部署的效益、法規、資金等問題。https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/mitigation/publications/ev_deployment/index.cfm
除了DOE與DOT之外，尚有一個關鍵的獨立機關，便是Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)，sets and enforces standards for air and water quality, evaluates the impact of pesticides and chemical substances, and manages the "Superfund" program for cleaning toxic waste sites.
為什麼是獨立機關，請參考https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government。主要因為EPA針對環境保護這部分具有立法與行使權，針對GHG排放有一些規範。https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/vehicles-and-greenhouse-gases-epas-role
--------------------
對於充電設施而言，美國有幾項關鍵法案
1. 23 of the U.S. Code, Sub-section 111 (23 USC 111)
這一項主要跟路權(ROW)有關，目前法規對建設在洲際公路上的周邊設施有比較嚴格的規定，prohibits automotive service stations and commercial establishments from being constructed in the ROW of the Interstate system.
也是目前許多專家、議員，正努力推動修正的法案
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/23/111
2. Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act
美國國會在2012年推動MAP-21法案，主要內容涵蓋資助與授權federal surface transportation spending相關，其中也包含許多充電路側設施的建設， MAP-21 creates opportunities for federally financed PEV charging infrastructure at fringe or corridor parking facilities with Surface Transportation Program (STP) funds or at other locations with Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funds.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act
3. 收費道路(toll road)的the Interstate Service Area Rule
Toll Road就是地方連接主要高速公路的道路，由於其通常是以一種政府與地方合營的方式建設。部分已經有進行充電設施的建設。
4.Third-party right to sell electricity:販售電力通常是需要政府許可的證明，但是民營的充電站收費服務就會面臨到，是一種"轉賣"電力的費用，目前美國大致上是由各州政府自行明訂法規，這其中牽扯到許可的核發、營利事業體的適用分類、稅收、建造規範等許多法規問題。
5.Permitting and building codes
The State of Oregon Building Codes Division recently adopted a rule that updates permitting and inspection criteria for charging stations. In an effort to keep pace with rapidly changing technology, this rule change establishes a single permit for charging system installations, rather than multiple permits for particular types of charging station electrical equipment
6.稅收與充電站的關係
更嚴格的燃油效率規範是全球車輛發展趨勢，但是若主要仰賴隨油徵收的稅收，就很容易因為燃油技術的提升而使政府稅賦收益下降。
那如果政府運用這些稅賦收益，資助建設充電站，鼓勵民眾使用電動車，這樣不就因為電動車不用汽油，進一步使燃油徵收的稅賦收益更低。
因此，美國有許多地方政府逐漸應用state-level road user fees (RUFs)機制，對使用道路的里程數徵稅。但並非取消隨油徵收的稅費，而是在兩者之中取得一個平衡點。
------------------
對於電動車輛而言，有幾項關鍵法案
1.聯邦政府的
最主要的是，$2,500-$7,500 tax credit(所得稅抵減), depending on the battery size (4-16 kWh), for electric-drive vehicles (EVs and PHEVs) sold after December 31, 2008. The tax credit applies to at least 200,000 units per vehicle manufacturer before it will begin to be phased out.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/30D
其他還有，幫助電動車廠商研發關鍵領組件、鼓勵地方單位推廣電動車、加速車廠開發電動車車型等。
2.地方政府的
提供直接補助、HOV通行、停車或充電等優惠。
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws
3.間接刺激
3.1. 車輛燃油效率規範(Fuel efficiency standards)
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sets corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards for the fuel economy of passenger cars and light-duty trucks, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets corresponding standards to limit emissions of GHGs from these vehicles.
3.2. 透過燃料/電力生產方約束(Low Carbon Fuel Standards/Renewable Portfolio Standards)
LCFS，較少政府採納。LCFS programs require fuel producers and importers to report the GHG emissions of the fuel they supply and reduce the GHG intensity of transportation fuels by a specific percent over time.
RPS，較多政府採納。An RPS requires that a certain percentage of utilities' electricity retail sales be supplied from qualified renewable resources.
3.3. 透過車輛製造方約束(Zero Emission Vehicle Rule)
California's ZEV rules require the largest auto manufacturers to earn increasing amounts of ZEV credits by providing the public with fuel cell vehicles, BEVs, PHEVs, or advanced hybrids.
後續修訂，By 2025, ZEV and PHEV sales should represent 15% of new vehicle sales (不過只有部分洲加入)
-------------------------
相關網站
https://pluginamerica.org/
各州法規
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws
美國聯邦政府大概長這樣
在Executive Department中，DOE 與 DOT是兩個與電動車最大相關的部會。
DOE管環境保護的議題，車輛排放、動力的相關研究、法規推動等，簡單來說，使環境更為乾淨，是DOE的範圍。因此，雖然車是運輸工具，理應由交通部管，但是運輸排放很嚴重，所以改善這個問題的相關措施都是由DOE處理。
其中，電動車的部分又以Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE) 為主，making transportation cleaner and more efficient through solutions that put electric drive vehicles on the road and replace oil with clean domestic fuels.
此外，車輛的潔能技術上，則以Vehicle Technologies Office(VTO)，developing and deploying advanced vehicle technologies, including highly efficient combustion engines, lightweight materials, and electric drive vehicles.
以下DOE資源參考
EERE中有一個資料中心，Alternative Fuels Data Center，裡面可以查電動車車型、充電站數量位置、各州法規、研究報告(http://www.afdc.energy.gov/publications/)。
VTO主要針對車輛技術進行研究(https://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/vehicle-technologies-office-key-activities-vehicles)，年度報告(https://energy.gov/eere/vehicles/vehicle-technologies-office-annual-merit-review-presentations)
Clean City則可以視為pilot project(alternative fuel)，https://cleancities.energy.gov/
DOT為輔，在運輸部中比較與電動車相關的是路側設施，如FHWA。車輛燃油法規，則由National Highway Traffic and Safety Administration (NHTSA)管理。https://www.nhtsa.gov/laws-regulations/corporate-average-fuel-economy
這一篇是FHWA(聯邦公路管理局)的出版品，裡面提到，2012年開始，FHWA開始執行"Feasibility and Implications of EV Deployment and Infrastructure Development project"，幫助評估電動車設施部署的效益、法規、資金等問題。https://www.fhwa.dot.gov/environment/climate_change/mitigation/publications/ev_deployment/index.cfm
除了DOE與DOT之外，尚有一個關鍵的獨立機關，便是Environmental Protection Agency(EPA)，sets and enforces standards for air and water quality, evaluates the impact of pesticides and chemical substances, and manages the "Superfund" program for cleaning toxic waste sites.
為什麼是獨立機關，請參考https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_agencies_of_the_United_States_government。主要因為EPA針對環境保護這部分具有立法與行使權，針對GHG排放有一些規範。https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/vehicles-and-greenhouse-gases-epas-role
--------------------
對於充電設施而言，美國有幾項關鍵法案
1. 23 of the U.S. Code, Sub-section 111 (23 USC 111)
這一項主要跟路權(ROW)有關，目前法規對建設在洲際公路上的周邊設施有比較嚴格的規定，prohibits automotive service stations and commercial establishments from being constructed in the ROW of the Interstate system.
也是目前許多專家、議員，正努力推動修正的法案
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/23/111
2. Moving Ahead for Progress in the 21st Century Act
美國國會在2012年推動MAP-21法案，主要內容涵蓋資助與授權federal surface transportation spending相關，其中也包含許多充電路側設施的建設， MAP-21 creates opportunities for federally financed PEV charging infrastructure at fringe or corridor parking facilities with Surface Transportation Program (STP) funds or at other locations with Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality (CMAQ) funds.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving_Ahead_for_Progress_in_the_21st_Century_Act
3. 收費道路(toll road)的the Interstate Service Area Rule
Toll Road就是地方連接主要高速公路的道路，由於其通常是以一種政府與地方合營的方式建設。部分已經有進行充電設施的建設。
4.Third-party right to sell electricity:販售電力通常是需要政府許可的證明，但是民營的充電站收費服務就會面臨到，是一種"轉賣"電力的費用，目前美國大致上是由各州政府自行明訂法規，這其中牽扯到許可的核發、營利事業體的適用分類、稅收、建造規範等許多法規問題。
5.Permitting and building codes
The State of Oregon Building Codes Division recently adopted a rule that updates permitting and inspection criteria for charging stations. In an effort to keep pace with rapidly changing technology, this rule change establishes a single permit for charging system installations, rather than multiple permits for particular types of charging station electrical equipment
6.稅收與充電站的關係
更嚴格的燃油效率規範是全球車輛發展趨勢，但是若主要仰賴隨油徵收的稅收，就很容易因為燃油技術的提升而使政府稅賦收益下降。
那如果政府運用這些稅賦收益，資助建設充電站，鼓勵民眾使用電動車，這樣不就因為電動車不用汽油，進一步使燃油徵收的稅賦收益更低。
因此，美國有許多地方政府逐漸應用state-level road user fees (RUFs)機制，對使用道路的里程數徵稅。但並非取消隨油徵收的稅費，而是在兩者之中取得一個平衡點。
------------------
對於電動車輛而言，有幾項關鍵法案
1.聯邦政府的
最主要的是，$2,500-$7,500 tax credit(所得稅抵減), depending on the battery size (4-16 kWh), for electric-drive vehicles (EVs and PHEVs) sold after December 31, 2008. The tax credit applies to at least 200,000 units per vehicle manufacturer before it will begin to be phased out.
https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/26/30D
其他還有，幫助電動車廠商研發關鍵領組件、鼓勵地方單位推廣電動車、加速車廠開發電動車車型等。
2.地方政府的
提供直接補助、HOV通行、停車或充電等優惠。
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws
3.間接刺激
3.1. 車輛燃油效率規範(Fuel efficiency standards)
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) sets corporate average fuel economy (CAFE) standards for the fuel economy of passenger cars and light-duty trucks, and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) sets corresponding standards to limit emissions of GHGs from these vehicles.
3.2. 透過燃料/電力生產方約束(Low Carbon Fuel Standards/Renewable Portfolio Standards)
LCFS，較少政府採納。LCFS programs require fuel producers and importers to report the GHG emissions of the fuel they supply and reduce the GHG intensity of transportation fuels by a specific percent over time.
RPS，較多政府採納。An RPS requires that a certain percentage of utilities' electricity retail sales be supplied from qualified renewable resources.
3.3. 透過車輛製造方約束(Zero Emission Vehicle Rule)
California's ZEV rules require the largest auto manufacturers to earn increasing amounts of ZEV credits by providing the public with fuel cell vehicles, BEVs, PHEVs, or advanced hybrids.
後續修訂，By 2025, ZEV and PHEV sales should represent 15% of new vehicle sales (不過只有部分洲加入)
-------------------------
相關網站
https://pluginamerica.org/
各州法規
http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws
